Five Longest Mountain Ranges in Europe

Europe is one of the smallest continents, yet is home to some of the largest mountain ranges. About 20% of the total landmass of the continent is considered mountainous, slightly less than the 24% of the total world landmass that is covered by mountains. The mountains of Europe have been home to some of the most daring feats in history, used by explorers and warlords alike. The ability to safely  navigate these mountain ranges helped shape the world as its now known through trade routes and military achievements. Today these mountain  ranges are mostly used for skiing or marveling at their wondrous views. Five Longest Mountain Ranges in Europe Scandinavian Mountains: 1,762 kilometers (1,095 miles) Also known as the Scandes, this mountain range stretches through the Scandinavian Peninsula. They are the longest mountain range in Europe. The mountains arent considered  very high but theyre known for their steepness. The western side drops into the North and Norwegian sea. Its northern location makes it prone to ice fields and glaciers.  The highest point is Kebnekaise at 2,469 meters (8,100 feet.) Carpathian Mountains: 1,500 kilometers (900 miles) The Carpathians stretch across Eastern and Central Europe. Theyre the second-longest mountain range in the region and can be divided into three major sections: the Eastern Carpathians, Western Carpathians, and the Southern Carpathians. The second-largest virgin forest in Europe is located in these mountains. They are also home to a large population of brown bears, wolves, chamois, and lynx. Hikers can find many mineral and thermal springs in the foothills.  The highest point is Gerlachovskà ½ Ã… ¡tà ­t at 2,654 meters (8,707 feet.) Alps: 1,200 kilometers (750 miles) The Alps are probably the most famous mountain range in Europe. This range of mountains stretches across eight countries: France, Italy, Germany, Austria, Slovenia, Switzerland, Monaco and Liechtenstein. Hannibal once famously rode elephants across them, but today the mountain  range is more home to skiers than pachyderms. The Romantic poets would be enamored with the ethereal beauty of these mountains, making them the backdrop for many novels and poems. Farming and forestry are large parts of these mountains economies along with tourism. The Alps remain one of the worlds top  travel destinations.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹The highest point is Mount Blanc at 4,810 meters (15,781 feet.) Caucasus Mountains: 1,100 kilometers (683 miles) This mountain range is notable not only for its length but also for being the dividing line between Europe and Asia.  This mountain range was an important part of the historical trade route known as the Silk Road that connected the ancient Eastern and Western world. It was in use as early as 207 BCE, carrying silk, horses and other goods to trade between continents.  The highest point is Mount Elbrus at 5,642 meters (18,510 feet.) Apennine Mountains: 1,000 kilometers (620 miles) The Apennine mountain range stretches the length of the Italian Peninsula. In 2000, the Environment Ministry of Italy suggested extending the range to include the mountains of Northern Sicily. This addition would make the range 1,500 kilometers (930 miles) long, tying them in length with the Carpathians. It has one of the most intact ecosystems in the country. These mountains are one of the last natural refuges of the largest European predators like the Italian wolf and Marsican brown bear, which have gone extinct in other regions.  The highest point is Corno Grande at 2,912 meters (9,553 feet.)

Paul Who Had Been A Jewish Rabbi, An Israelite - 1619 Words

Galations 1. Charmaine Warford Summer 2014 In Galations chapter 1 Paul who had been a Jewish rabbi, an Israelite, a descendant of Abraham, from the tribe of Benjamin, was writing a letter to his opponents who may have been proto-Pelagians 2. who were trying to persuade the Galations to seek justification by performing good moral deeds. There was a significant group known as â€Å"the Judaizers† in early Christianity, especially among Jewish Christians, who felt that Christian converts had to observe the Jewish Law, as well as follow the teachings of Christ, 3. and this applied even to Gentiles. The message of the church, that a crucified Messiah provides salvation for all, contradicted the traditions of Judaism. Certainly a Messiah on a†¦show more content†¦Judaizers wanted to preach works but Paul wrote that we must preach Christ alone. 7. Paul was not a passive individual as he describes himself in verse 14 he was â€Å"exceedingly zealous†. He appears to be talking to an audience who knew him in the past as a strong Jew who upheld the traditions of his people. He also stated in verse 14 that he â€Å"profited in the Jews’ religion† 8. so he was possibly politically powerful and personally benefiting from his status in the community while upholding the Jewish traditions of his fathers. He wants to make it clear to his audience that what he is preaching to them now is not of man but is by divine revelation from God by his grace. To demonstrate his point, Paul recounts his conversion, in which he switched from being a persecutor of the church to being a preacher of its gospel. He wants to advise that his conversion occurred through a direct act of God, who â€Å"was pleased to reveal his Son to me, 9. so that I might proclaim him among the Gentiles†. The revelation of who Jesus really was came directly from God and for a clear purpose so that Paul could take the message to the Gentiles. Paul insisted that the Spirit is the same Spirit through whom G od spoke and acted in the history of Israel, the difference is that through Jesus the Spirit is now poured out on all God’s people, Jew and Gentile alike. 10. The fact that Paul criticized some aspects of his native Judaism 11. and that he announced a gospel to the

Frontiers of Energy and Environmental Engineering †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Frontiers of Energy and Environmental Engineering. Answer: Introduction The forces of gravity between the sun, moon and the earth will lead to a rhythmic lowering and rise of the water in oceans and seas around the world which then leads into the oceanic tide waves. The moon will exert about 3 times the force of the tides more than the force exerted by the sun. This is due to the moons closeness to the oceans and seas. This then leads to the tides follows the moon as it rotates around the earth this will, in turn, generate diurnal tide ebb cycle at any given surface of the ocean. Therefore this variation of the lower and high oceanic wave will result to tides which are employed to rotate the turbines to generate electricity. Tidal energy is employed to generate electrical energy, it is a form of hydroelectric energy which takes the advantage of varying in high and low waves which therefore results to tides which are employed to rotate turbines hence generation of electrical power. Tidal energy can be employed to help generate electrical energy, tides are highly predictable than the sun and the wind (renewable sources of electricity)(Daniel, 2011). This process of using falling water and spinning turbine to generate electricity started in the United States in the 19th century. This is another form of the hydroelectric power which utilizes a large of energy in the ocean tides to create electricity. This source of electricity is a form of low hydroelectricity and employs common low-head hydro creating equipment which has been in existence for more than 120 years(Demirba, 2013). The cost of setting up this form of electoral generation station is very high as compared to other forms of renewable sources of generating electrical energy from wind and solar. But its better part is that once installed its operating cost is very low(Raul, 2015). Taking for an example, a suggested 8000 MW tidal generating plant with a barrage of 7 estuaries in the United Kingdom, the cost for it will be about USD 15 million. And setting up a tidal electrical generation station that will generate about 2200 MW is approximated to be USD 3 million. This is relatively high as compared to setting up the wind or solar generating plant. Even though the cost of setting up this source of electricity it gives more reliable and much power as compared to wind and solar ( other renewable sources ). This form of generation of electrical source employs the use of tides to generate electrical energy, therefore, this form of electrical generation is basically located on large water bodies which have the tides. These tidal electrical generating stations are always set in the large water bodies (hence the name tidal energy) which is from the ocean tides(Harnoy, 2014). Therefore there are basically set in oceans and seas with tides, and the following are some of the world known locations of tidal energy generation plants. The first location where the tidal energy was set was in La Rance (France) but the largest tidal plant globally is Sihwa Lake power station located in South Korea. This power station is located in the city of Siheung in Gyeonggi Province. Sihwa Lake power station is about 4km producing about 254MW and the diagram below shows this tidal energy plants; La Rance which is located in France was the first tidal energy situated in Rance River estuary in Brittany which was established in 1966. It has a yearly generation of 540GWh. This plant covers about 22 km2 and it is shown in the diagram below; Another tidal generating plant is located in Swansea Bay and this is the third largest tidal energy station globally. The plant will cost about $ 1.4 billion after its completion, this power station is shown in the figure below; Social and other issues Construction of the tidal barrage has several social impacts of the surrounding area. When constructing the barrage the value of people and traffic in the region will dramatically increase, and this will last for several years. It took about 5 years to construct the La Rance tidal French barrage, and this will also generate a lot of revenue since this tidal generating station acts as a tourist attraction and there will be hospitality industry which will accommodate several types of visitors will come as a result of the barrage. And with these people earning a lot of revenue to the region will highly boost the local economy in that region. There is as well establishment would have to be done to enable ships to go pass through. The bay will also create a good recreation site(Imesch, 2012). The water is calmer but not instant after the barrage but advances towards the land. Having this will highly create a tourist attraction site and becomes a good tourist attraction. The barrage can as well be employed as rail or road providing a time-saving technique of crossing the estuary or bay. There is also a chance of combining wind turbines into the tidal barrage to help create more electric power(Eccleston, 2013). This barrage will highly affect the navigation and shipping and provision will have to give ships ways through. The suggested development of the tidal Power station in Swansea bay encompasses a range of benefits activities in the community(Jacob, 2014). This includes the establishment of the local long term and medium term employment; sport and recreation facilities; culture and arts funding; educational programs and skills training. Another social aspect of this tidal source of electricity is the employment of the working stuff who are the engineers and expert in the working environment where several people come together. The tidal power plant is highly appealing to watch how it is built and how it is working on the water bodies hence even the locals will walk around to see the operation of these power plants(Luthria, 2012). Health and safety considerations Generation of electric power through tides (tidal energy) is very humble to the environment since this does not produce some gases like CO2 among others gases. Tidal hence will not increase the global warming which is a global problem. The application of tidal power generation will as well reduce the use of nuclear power, with its related risks. Turning tidal flow by damming an estuary or bay would nevertheless, the outcome in a negative effect on aquatic and shoreline ecosystems(Nhoor, 2012). But there are some negative environmental effects: The frames turbines could result in disturbance of the movement of very big marine animals like the sharks, dolphins. It also affects the navigability of large ships and some boats because of the blockage this power plant causes on seas and oceans. This power plant also restricts the movement of fish and even kill some fish when they try to pass near the turbine. There is also a possibility of noise pollution caused by this tidal energy power p lant(Prado, 2013). The present environmental status of our planet is better and hence environmental friendly energy sources would have developed much better. Hence, when this tidal source of electrical energy will highly boost the environment as it will reduce the usage of coal in the production of electricity since this tidal will be an alternative for coal which pollutes the environment. When the tidal generation power plant is fully employed then the pollution will highly save a lot from the pollutions of the environment which are highly caused by the coal generating plant and the nuclear generating power plant(Khan, 2014). Therefore tidal energy is one of the cleanest renewable sources of electrical energy. Even though the barrage of tide power plant have a high initial cost and they as well have a very low operating cost. While the tidal power plant may not generate returns for a long period of time. Due to a long term status of returns, private investors may be hesitant to contribute and governments may have to lead the way(Chen, 2011). With the tidal electrical power plant, there will be a lot of revenue collected since this power plant act as a tourist attraction which highly promotes the economy of the region since there will be a lot of revenue collected. Tidal energy being a renewable form of generation of electrical power, there will be a lot of energy produced at a lower cost which then is used to boost industrial development in the region(Quirin, 2011). With a cheap electrical power around, a lot of industrial development will emerge and highly increase the economy of the region(Simanzhenkov, 2010). The tidal power plant also acts as job opportunity to the society where several employees are employed to work as stuff in those power plants. Tidal provides a reliable source of electrical energy which will then promote a lot of industrial progress which will make the individual residing in the region to be more reliable. With financial reliable in a given region, the economy of the region will become more reliable. Tidal energy provides a lot of safety to the environment since it does not produce any pollutant gas, but still, there are some risks which may occur in the tidal power plant which will hence create a need to provide a safety and health policy in the working plant(Thompson, 2015). Some of these risk control measures and considerations include the following; The Company must ensure that notice is issued to the Mariners with a ll the appropriate details regarding the offshore work; lighting and marking of vessels and the related installation apparatus employed for operation in the offshore. The company also need to use a suitable vessel routing measures or and safety zones. This will highly help to avoid any collision during the working period in the seas, collision in the sea may result in accidents and sometimes death. Workers need to be provided with life jackets to ensure their safety as they travel using life boats in the seas since in the seas there may be a lot of storms and tides which if not appropriate measure is put in place then lots of deaths may be claimed. Workers must visit doctors periodically to ensure that their health is in good conditions since this worker always operates in harsh environmental conditions. In the tidal power plant, there are turbines of which some are not visible (located underground), therefore some protective clothes and another protective device which enable the workers to identify the location of this turbine so that the turbines does not cause an accident to them. If the workers need to work underwater may be in doing some repa ir, they need to have swimming costumes and effective machines which ensure their safety if highly guaranteed(Dincer, 2013). Just like any other energy generation, a tidal electrical power plant needs to employ standard transmission conductors to enable a proper safety in power plant. How electricity is generated using tides Tidal energy is that energy which is obtained by changing the level of the seas or even the oceans, this is what is known as the movement of tides from high to low and vice versa. Tidal electrical energy is a form of renewable hydraulic energy source which has a higher potential since tides are much more reliable than solar and winds energy which varies due to weather and seasons(Multon, 2013). This energy is harnessed through the following three methods; Tidal turbines; Tidal Barrages Tidal lagoon. Tidal turbines employ very common techniques used in wind turbines, though their blades are highly shorter but very stronger than those for the wind. This technology makes good use of kinetic energy of flowing water to the turbines used to generate water. This method becomes more popular since it is highly removable since it has the movable turbines like those in a windmill. Therefore the best way to think of them is as windmills which are underwater. Generally, the water currents rotate the turbines, which will thus trigger a generator that is employed to generate electrical energy(Judy Trinnaman, 2013). This method will operate very well where there are very strong zones of tides like in British and Norwegian coastlines. But even though tidal turbine shows infancy it shows a lot of good production in future. The cost of upfront of these tidal system has a high installation cost and its maintenance is difficult even though cheap. This is still cheaper and has very less impact on the environment as compared tidal barrages. The figure below shows tidal turbines; Tidal barrages are almost as the Dams used in hydraulic power plants, but they are higher larger as they are constructed across a bay or an estuary(Wakelyn, 2015). The range of tides (difference in height between low and high tides) requires being excess of about 5 meters for this barrage to be practical. As the tides go in, water moves into the basin via the dam. Thereafter when the tides stop then the gates are closed this will, in turn, traps water in the estuary or even basin. When the tides move out of the gates in the dam that maintains the turbines are then opened and following water which moves via the turbine hence generating energy. This technique has very high cost of infrastructure and is very destructive to the native environment. The figure below shows a prototype of tidal barrages. The last method of tidal is tidal Lagoons are slightly similar but have a little cost and effect on the environment. These are self-contained schemes cut off from the rest of the ocean. Tidal Lagoons work very well the same way as for that of tidal barrage since when the tide rises the lagoons fill and then when it falls there will a lot of water released via the turbines. From the turbines, there are huge generators are coupled to this turbine(Wypych, 2011). The diagram below shows a Swansea tidal lagoon. These generators will hence generate AC power in most cases which are then passed through a step up transformer to help reduce power loss during the transmission. During stepping up the current is lowered and from the equation Where; P= power generated, I= generated electric current and R= resistances of the conductors. From the stepping up transformer, electric power is then transmitted to some step-down transformer at the consuming point. This form of generation is very cheap once installed since the tides are renewable and cannot get exhausted like those in coal, diesel among others. In all the forms of tidal energy production energy is produced at a relatively low cost. The generators used in the tidal energy generation are quite the same as those for the wind power generation except those for the tidal power are installed under water while those for wind are on land. The generators and the turbines of the tidal generating plants convert the movement of water from a variation of the tides which develop kinetic energy which is hence employed to generate electricity. Since water is heavier than the wind of about 830 times, it will hence produce more electricity at a relatively lower speed than those of t he wind speed. Therefore tidal energy produces about 1000 times more than wind energy(Joshua, 2012). Even though the tidal source of energy is not fully exploited globally, but in some countries where this form of electricity generation has been operating like in France, the United Kingdom and the United States a lot of electrical energy has been successfully generating a lot of electrical energy(Daniel, 2011). In United State produce and consume of about 1420 terawatt hours ( TWh) of tidal electricity yearly. And this is still low generation and consumption of this source of energy, there is a lot of expectation that this form of source energy generation is expected to produce and give a global energy consumption of about 15% of the total energy generated in the world by the year 2030. La Rance power station in France is the biggest tidal energy power plant producing about 500 GWh having about twenty-four turbines. There is a high possibility of generation of several tidal power, there is a probability that by the year 2040 there will be about 12% of the total electrical energy generated and consumed globally to be for the tidal electrical energy. With the environmental benefits of the tidal generation plant, the production of electricity from this source will highly increase. The increase in production of electricity from this source of generation will as well increase the consumption of electrical energy from this source of electrical generation. The best location for the tidal energy These tidal generating plants are basically located in oceans and seas, this is because the oceans and oceans always provide enough tidal energy which is hence employed to generate electrical power(Bansal, 2011). As seen above, this form of energy generation is highly reliable than other forms of renewable sources like wind and solar. This has been achieved due to their location on regions (oceans and seas) which has enough tides employed to drive the heavy underwater turbines used to generate electrical energy. This will make the oceans and seems to be the better locations for generating tidal energy than other water bodies like rivers and lakes which may have very little tides or have no tides at all(Copping, 2013). So with oceans and seas with a lot of tides will help to achieve a lot of electrical generation by this source of electrical energy. The figure below shows an overall tidal power plant employed to generate electricity; Conclusion In conclusion, tidal energy is one of the best and most clean sources of electricity since it does not pollute the environment. And with the installation and full adoption of tidal energy the use of coal, diesel and nuclear to generate electricity will highly decrease hence promote the safety of our environment further. Tidal energy also produces a lot of electrical energy as compared to wind energy and they require a relatively low speed of moving water to generate a lot of electrical energy due to their heavy turbines used. In these generating plants, a clear safety is put in place to enable the safety of the workers and the society at large. Highly advanced machines should be employed to help the workers to service the machines like generators which are located underwater. Even if this source of generation of electricity has several importance like the clean generation of energy this source of energy has some several challenges like high initial cost and blockage of navigation of the oceans and seas which highly affects free movement of aquatic life as well as the ships and boat. References Bansal, N. (2011). Non-Conventional Energy Resources. Colorado: Vikas Publishing House. Chen, R. (2011). Frontiers of Energy and Environmental Engineering. Beijing: CRC Press. Copping, A. E. (2013). Marine Renewable Energy: Resource Characterization and Physical Effects. Hull: Springer. Daniel, L. (2011). ASTM Committee D-2 on Tidal energy. Aktobe: ASTM International. Demirba, A. (2013). Generation of tidal energy. Hongkok: Springer Science. Dincer, I. (2013). Energy Solutions to Combat Global Warming. Ottawa: Springer. Eccleston, C. H. (2013). Inside Energy: Developing and Managing an ISO 50001 Energy Management System. Manchester: CRC Press. Harnoy, A. (2014). Tidal energy: Renewable source of electricity. New York: CRC Press. Imesch, C. (2012). Tidal energy: Beyond an Ecological Utopia. Washington: Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies. Jacob, J. (2014). The future of tidal energy. New York: United States. Department of Energy. Joshua, D. (2012). Tidal source of electrical energy. Chicago: Newness. Judy Trinnaman, A. C. (2013). Tidal electrical energy. Stoke: Elsevier. Khan, B. H. (2014). Non-Conventional Energy Resources. Bangkok: Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Luthria, D. (2012). Use of tidal energy: Critical Issues and Competitive Studies. Chicago: The American Oil Chemists Society. Multon, B. (2013). Marine Renewable Energy Handbook. Manchester: John Wiley Sons. Nhoor, K. (2012). Tidal energy: A Seminar of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Almaty: Springer Science. Prado, J. M. (2013). Tidal energy: Principles and Applications. New Delhi: Royal Society of Chemistry. Quirin, K.-W. (2011). Importance of tidal energy. Astana: Springer Science Business Media. Raul, D. (2015). Origin of the tidal source of energy. Moscow: Newness. Simanzhenkov, V. (2010). Tidal energy: a Tidal source of electrical energy . Moscow: CRC Press. Thompson, R. E. (2015). Application of ocean tides in the generation of electric energy. Arkalyk: PennWell Books, Wakelyn, P. J. (2015). The technology of tidal energy used in the production of electricity. Astana: Adventure works. Wypych, G. (2011). Handbook of tidal energy. Aktobe: ChemTec Publishing.

The Things They Carried By Tim OBrien Essays -

The Things They Carried by Tim O'Brien Tim O'Brien's The Things They Carried is not a novel about the Vietnam War. It is a story about the soldiers and their experiences and emotions that are brought about from the war. O'Brien makes several statements about war through these dynamic characters. He shows the violent nature of soldiers under the pressures of war, he makes an effective antiwar statement, and he comments on the reversal of a social deviation into the norm. By skillfully employing the stylistic technique of specific, conscious detail selection and utilizing connotative diction, O'Brien thoroughly and convincingly makes each point. The violent nature that the soldiers acquired during their tour in Vietnam is one of O'Brien's predominant themes in his novel. By consciously selecting very descriptive details that reveal the drastic change in manner within the men, O'Brien creates within the reader an understanding of the effects of war on its participants. One of the soldiers, "Norman Bowler, otherwise a very gentle person, carried a Thumb. . .The Thumb was dark brown, rubbery to touch. . . It had been cut from a VC corpse, a boy of fifteen or sixteen"(13). Bowler had been a very good-natured person in civilian life, yet war makes him into a very hard-mannered, emotionally devoid soldier, carrying about a severed finger as a trophy, proud of his kill. The transformation shown through Bowler is an excellent indicator of the psychological and emotional change that most of the soldiers undergo. To bring an innocent young man from sensitive to apathetic, from caring to hateful, requires a great force; the war provide s this force. However, frequently are the changes more drastic. A soldier named "Ted Lavender adopted an orphaned puppy. . .Azar strapped it to a Claymore antipersonnel mine and squeezed the firing device"(39). Azar has become demented; to kill a puppy that someone else has adopted is horrible. However, the infliction of violence has become the norm of behavior for these men; the fleeting moment of compassion shown by one man is instantly erased by another, setting order back within the group. O'Brien here shows a hint of sensitivity among the men to set up a startling contrast between the past and the present for these men. The effect produced on the reader by this contrast is one of horror; therefore fulfilling O'Brien's purpose, to convince the reader of war's severely negative effects. In the buffalo story, "We came across a baby water buffalo. . .After supper Rat Kiley went over and stroked its nose. . .He stepped back and shot it through the right front knee. . .He shot it twi ce in the flanks. It wasn't to kill, it was to hurt"(85). Rat displays a severe emotional problem here; however, it is still the norm. The startling degree of detached emotion brought on by the war is inherent in O'Brien's detailed accounts of the soldiers' actions concerning the lives of other beings. O'Brien's use of specific and connotative diction enhances the same theme, the loss of sensitivity and increase in violent behavior among the soldiers. The VC from which Bowker took the thumb was just "a boy"(13), giving the image of a young, innocent person who should not have been subjected to the horrors of war. The connotation associated with boy enhances the fact that killing has no emotional effect on the Americans, that they kill for sport and do not care who or what their game may be. Just as perverse as killing boys, though, is the killing of "a baby"(85), the connotation being associated with human infants even though it is used to describe a young water buffalo they torture. The idea of a baby is abstract, and the killing of one is frowned upon in modern society, regardless of species. O'Brien creates an attitude of disgust in the reader with the word, further fulfilling his purpose in condemning violence. Even more drastic in connotation to be killed is the "orphaned pupp y"(39). Adding to the present idea of killing babies is the idea of killing orphaned babies, which brings out rage within the reader. The whole concept is metaphoric, based on the connotations of key words; nevertheless, it is extremely effective in conveying